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===Calibrated capacitance + conductivity sensor=== Industry has commercial probes available which measure living biomass; we think we may be able to retroengineer such a thing. With enough calibration, it might be possible to do this by measuring [http://www.aber-instruments.co.uk/brewing/controlling-cell-culture-processes capacitance alone]. [The basic principle behind these probes is the different electrical properties of living and dead cells; both are conductive - being essential very long and folded chains of carbon molecules - but living cells also act as capacitors (batteries); active transport across the cell membrane of electrically charged ions/molecules establishes a negative potential/charge on the order of -70mV in resting mammalian neurons.] More accurately: living cells have intact membranes, which can be polarized by an external electrical field; the negative potential of the membranes is correct but has no effect on the measurement. Biomass measurement relies on the difference in capacitance at different frequencies: low frequencies polarize cell membranes, high frequencies do not, the difference provides an estimate of the total surface area of membranes in the sample.
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